Contextual Knowledge in Program Planning A Personal Reflection Free Essays

Program arranging is a difficult and complex errand. Its intricacy lies not just in the program subtleties or the crowd to which the program is focused to, yet in the various characters or encounters of the organizers. Ordinarily as organizers, we impart what we are. We will compose a custom article test on Relevant Knowledge in Program Planning: A Personal Reflection or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now We need to teach our conviction and individual observation to crowd including our inclinations. Arranging itself requires a lot of exertion. With relational issues among organizers, the issue turns out to be progressively hard to manage as specialists rub against one another. Answer to Question 1 Arranging includes the interest of various partners or colleagues. Various thoughts stream and conflict against one another. Force issues surface and the fight over whose thought or whose proposition is better furies. At the point when confronted with this situation, I will in general stand up my psyche. I tune in to others’ thought too. I go over the positive and negative parts of every thought. I gauge the choices and decision in favor of the best one. I regard every individual or colleague. I understood that with regards to control relations, there are various inspirations lying underneath. From the outset, I accepted organizers are true and centered in doing support. However, when I had my first brush with power battles inside my circle, it occurred to me that a few organizers have their own plan. It could be something advantageous to them. Up until now, there is nothing I might want to change about my present convictions. In any case, I need to strengthen the thought that organizers must be objective and must be wiling to relinquish individual inclinations or inspiration to benefit many. Answer to Question 2 Tuning in and open correspondence are the abilities that I use in each arranging meeting. Listening requires a lot of exertion as it includes more than hearing various thoughts. Listening is processing every thought and regarding it. Listening is recognizing one planner’s considerations and information. Correspondence, then again, is opening up to the potential outcomes of tolerating and evaluating the thoughts. It might likewise mean acknowledgment for each recommendation turned down. Open correspondence is sound and goes about as an extension. In the event that there is something that I would truly need to rehearse in my conviction framework is the success win arrangement. Exchange is concocting the best arrangement with minor trade offs that serve both energizing gatherings. Answer to Question 3 Planning a program for grown-ups is a pleasant errand. Morally, grown-ups are willing students who are specialists in their own right. They can settle on choices with or without outside mediation. Every grown-up is a well of information; having experienced distinctive educational encounters. These learning are brought out through a participatory learning process. Generally, my convictions are tested when a co-organizer turns out to be so extremely educated in approach and excuses my proposal that grown-up students are found out, by ideals of experience. I typically react by thinking that through the grown-up learner’s support, the program can be substantially more captivating with the student themselves standing up and adding to the conversation. The traditional pipe strategy or top-down methodology in educating isn't the most ideal way. I get baffled when participatory learning is skirted. I feel like the students have such a great amount to offer. As a program organizer, I might want to weight on the estimation of an individual or a student in the learning procedure as exceptionally moral and basic. This is one reality that I might want to underline in my training. A student focused program is expected to impact change in a preparation program. There are messages than can be all the more successfully passed on to the students or crowd through participatory technique. Individuals learn without anyone else. Learning isn't forced or upheld. In his 1982 book, Living, Loving and Learning, Buscaglia refered to Carl Rogers who composed: You realize that I don’t accept that anybody has ever thought anything to anybody. I question the viability of instructing. The main thing that I know is that any individual who needs to learn will learn. Also, perhaps an instructor is a facilitator, an individual who puts things down and shows individuals how energizing and brilliant it is and requests that they eat. (p. 7) We are on the whole students. We gain from one another. Indeed, even specialists take in numerous things from their members. No man has the restraining infrastructure of information and encounters. One man’s taking in contrasts from others. We as a whole have our own specific manner of learning. Answer to Question 4b I have not left an arranging circumstance regardless of whether I am not completely offered to the concurred thoughts or techniques; regardless of whether my own recommendations are minimized. I remained to gain from them. I despite everything joined to check whether their techniques dependent on their conviction framework will work. It is about regard and offering chances to different gatherings to have their own particular manner. I held tight to see the aftereffects of the assessment. Likely, what might make me leave is the legitimate and up close and personal dismissal of my thoughts after a poor preparing program. I would leave in the event that they lost trust and direct all the fault to me. I would modestly leave. I won't sever the tie between us yet would like to re-interface with them again later on, should they need my administrations once more. All things considered, the world is little and who knows, we may wind up requiring each other toward the stopping point sometime in the not so distant future. References Buscaglia, L. (1982). Living, cherishing and learning. New York: Random House. The most effective method to refer to Contextual Knowledge in Program Planning: A Personal Reflection, Papers

During American Industrialization, it would have b Essay Example For Students

During American Industrialization, it would have b Essay een for all intents and purposes difficult to tackle all the issues that confronted each gathering. Rather, the best technique would have been to take care of the issues that would some way or another have had the best negative effect on society. The gathering that was most contrarily influenced by industrialization was the ranchers. On account of the touchy development of huge business, the ranchers were abandoned with a colossal detriment. Since any huge organization would give administrations like the railways the most business, it just seemed well and good for those administrations to give uncommon rates and benefits. Along these lines, a significant number of the poor ranchers failed, and in the end, about every one of them would have, causing a significant deficiency of cultivating items. The best way to keep this from happening would be for the legislature to manage exchanges between administrations like the railways and enormous companies, and apply those equivalent exchanges to the ranchers. This would give little ranchers an equivalent opportunity to contend with the bigger partnerships. On a related issue is private company. Much the same as in the past, huge business is attempting to utilize its huge impact to increase a favorable position against its littler rival. For this situation, its private ventures. The enormous organizations would as often as possible structure coalitions with one another, or trusts, so they could get together to send their opposition into insolvency. An answer for this issue would be for the administration to direct these trusts, and conclude that on the off chance that it is to the greatest advantage of the nation, to not let a particular trust between two organizations structure. The accomplishment of such a program can be seen by taking a gander at how significant the U.S. Equity Department is to us today. Another gathering that was adversely influenced by the mechanical insurgency was the kids. They had to buckle down long, hard hours for not exactly adequate compensation. This was an aftereffect of the voracity from the huge organizations to make however much benefit as could reasonably be expected, with practically zero respect for their laborers prosperity, or that of social orders. The most down to earth answer for this issue is ban difficult work of kids younger than 16. Furthermore, it ought to be obligatory for those kids to go to an open or tuition based school framework. This would not just incredibly help the enduring kids and give them the best possible instruction that they need, yet it would likewise let loose the activity showcase for the huge joblessness advertise that was confronting numerous grown-ups in that time. Those are the most reasonable answers for the issues of the mechanical unrest that would cause minimal measure of results. They would have made America during the mechanical unrest a greatly improved spot during its change from a little, useful nation to a monetary mammoth.

What Book Rioters Are Reading Today

What Book Rioters Are Reading Today In this feature at Book Riot, we give you a glimpse of what we are reading this very moment. Here is what the Rioters are reading today (as in literally today). This is what’s on their bedside table (or the floor, work bag, desk, whatevskis). See a Rioter who is reading your favorite book? I’ve included the link that will take you to their author archives (meaning, that magical place that organizes what they’ve written for the site). Gird your loins â€" this list combined with all of those archived posts will make your TBR list EXPLODE. We’ve shown you ours, now show us yours; let us know what you’re reading (right this very moment) in the comment section below! Wallace Yovetich Luckiest Girl Alive by Jessica Knoll: This book starts out superficial and fun (think Nanny Diaries but without the kids) and turns into something with much more substance. I am turning pages so fast that my hands might be chapped when Im done. Lots of triggering things that I cant give warnings for because they would be plot spoilers, and  as incredibly engaging as this book is it is not for those with pronounced sensitivities. The rest of you eat. it. up. Liberty Hardy   Ill Will by Dan Chaon (Ballentine Books, March 7, 2017): A novel about unsolved crimes and Satanists, written by one of our greatest living writers? YES PLEASE. (galley) Pachinko by Min Jin Lee (Grand Central Publishing, Feb. 7, 2017): I saw her speak at the NEIBA fall conference a few weeks ago and she had everyone in tears. Sold. (galley) Difficult Women by Roxane Gay (Grove Press, Jan. 3, 2017): Because Roxane Gay. (e-galley) Little Heaven by Nick Cutter (Gallery Books, Jan. 10, 2017): I am about thirty pages into this and my face looks like this while I read it: o.0 (e-galley) Rebecca Hussey The Wangs vs. the World by Jade Chang: I’ve heard such good things about this book from so many people that I couldn’t resist giving it a try. (ebook) Everywhere I Look by Helen Garner: I loved Garner’s nonfiction book This House of Grief and so was excited to discover she has a new essay collection out. (paperback) The Vanishers by Heidi Julavits: I love, love, love Julavits’s book The Folded Clock and so wanted to give her fiction a try. (audiobook) Sharifah  Williams   Spiral by Koji Suzuki: Im in search of a big scare this month and picked up Spiral from my library because The Ring (the moviehavent read the book) terrified me. (Hardcover) Soul Music by Terry Pratchett: I love the comfort of a Discworld book and this one features my favorite character from that world, Deaths granddaughter, Susan Sto Helit. (Paperback) The Secret History by Donna Tartt: Ive had this book on my shelf for a while now and its high time I joined the cool kids and read it. (Paperback) Uprooted by Naomi Novik: I love all things fairy tale and put this book on my list after hearing about it on the Get Booked podcast. Im enjoying the narration of the audiobook so far. (Audiobook) Kate Scott   Small Great Things by Jodi Picoult: I downloaded this one from the Volumes app. It was on my fall reading list. (Audiobook) What Falls from the Sky by Esther Emery: A memoir about living without Internet for a year. I discovered the author totally by accident when I was browsing through the portfolio of the designer who created Sarah Bessey’s (author of Jesus Feminist) website. Happy coincidence! The Guineveres by Sarah Domet: Unsolicited review copy from Flatiron Books. It’s the story of four girls named Guinevere who are raised in a convent. Unclobber by Colby Martin: The latest in a growing number of books that reexamine the Bible verses traditionally used to “clobber” LGBTQ people. I discovered Martin via Glennon Doyle Melton’s (Love Warrior) website and was really impressed with his Unclobber sermon series. Jessica Woodbury White Tears by Hari Kunzru: I read a couple of Kunzru’s novels a few years ago and was impressed. He’s also always smart on Twitter. Between all that and the fantastic title, I was all in. (egalley) The Good House by Tananarive Due. I really need my horror and I really need to read more Due. The audio is great and I want to listen to it basically all the time. (audiobook) Molly Wetta The Careful Undressing of Love by Corey Ann Haydu: I randomly picked up this out of my stack of galleys because all the lemons on the cover reminded me of my favorite lines from a Federico Garcia Lorca poem, but it ended up being about a group of girls who grow up on a street in Brooklyn and anyone they fall in love with is doomed to die. I immediately fell in love with story and the prose. I’m almost done, but still savoring the last few pages. Fans of feminist YA with just a touch of magical realism should check this out in January. (ARC) Paper Girls by Brian K. Vaughn: My hold for the trade paperback came in at the library, then I had to go out of town for a week, and now it’s overdue. I read the first several pages and was very intrigued by the story and loved the coloring. I’m going to finish it before my fines go above a dollar. (trade) Wintersong by S. Jae-Jones: My librarian BFF texted me the other day about this book, saying it was pitched as “for fans of Labyrinth and Holly Black” and I was like “that is me!” and went and immediately downloaded the digital galley. Thanks Miriam, you are the best. (ARC) Nicole Brinkley   Dishonored: The Corroded Man by Adam Christopher: I’m a huge Dishonored fan why yes, I did preorder the second game; and yes, I am reading the comic tie-in series so picking up The Corroded Man was a must. Dishonored’s already incredible world is being so beautifully expanded by Christopher, who is a new-to-me author, and I’m really impressed so far. Casey Stepaniuk Lightfinder by Aaron Paquette: This is the acclaimed Cree artist’s fiction debut, the first book in a fantasy YA series about two siblings on separate journeys through the woods, both finding out that the Cree legends they grew up with might be real. I’m reading it for an Indigenous kids and YA fiction class I’m taking. Jessica Yang As I Descended by Robin Talley: I saw a tweet that described this as boarding school lesbians Macbeth retelling, and I was on board immediately. (hardcover) Double Cup Love by Eddie Huang: This is the sequel to Eddie Huangs life story Fresh off the Boat. I have mixed feelings about Huang namely, his sexism and questionable race politics, but Im still interested in what he has to say. (hardcover) Annika Barranti Klein   Shirley Jackson: A Rather Haunted Life by Ruth Franklin: a new biography of my favorite author is an automatic must-read (flipping between e-ARC and hard cover) The Haunting of Hill House by Shirley Jackson: It’s October, isn’t it? (paperback) So Wild A Dream by Larissa Brown: this is my friend Larissa’s second time travel Viking romance and if it’s literally 1% as captivating as the first (Beautiful Wreck), it will be the best book I read all year. (ebook) Nikki VanRy   The Bestseller Code by Jodie Archer and Matthew L. Jockers: Piles and piles of data analyzing bestselling books (and why they’re bestsellers)? Yes and please. (ebook) Milk and Honey by Rupi Kaur: Kaur’s poetry is so, so, so wonderful. (paperback) Kushiel’s Dart by Jacqueline Carey: It’s been on the must-read fantasy list for me for a while. (ebook) Steph Auteri   Leave Me by Gayle Forman: The description on some blog or another caught my eye: a wife and mother who feels under-appreciated and run away. When I read an online preview, I knew I needed to own it immediately, despite my tendency to wait for the paperback. Maybe this one hit a bit close to home? (Hardcover) The Fire This Time edited by Jesmyn Ward: With Ward’s gorgeous writing as the opener, and even more powerful entries throughout, I couldn’t resist this collection of essential reads that examine race in our culture today. (Hardcover) Difficult Women by Roxane Gay: I don’t buy a lot of short story collections, but I will read anything this woman writes. (Egalley) Overcoming Trauma Through Yoga by David Emerson and Elizabeth Hopper, Ph.D.: This is an older book, but I’m interested in getting a teaching certification in trauma-informed yoga so that my yoga practice is more closely aligned with my writing practice. (Paperback) Emily Wenstrom   Truthsight by Miriam Greystone: I initially picked up this book because this author publishes with the same small press as I do, but it quickly sucked me in on its own meritit’s got a wealth of lesser-known fantasy creatures throughout the story, and a fresh take on the rules of magic for urban fantasy. Megan Cavitt   Ninth City Burning by J. Patrick Black: I’m about a hundred pages into this sci-fi/fantasy tale of a fragmented society struggling to protect the ruined Earth from aliens (at least I think they’re aliens), and I’m digging the rich worldbuilding. Not for readers who dislike bouncing between narrators, though. (library hardcover) Nimona by Noelle Stevenson: My fellow comics-lovers are all about this slyly funny take on the supervillain-sidekick relationship. (library paperback) Johann Thorsson   Cyber World edited by Jason Heller and Joshua Viola. A cyberpunk anthology? Featuring stories by Paula Bagicalupi, Nisi Shawl, Saladin Ahmed and Chinelo Onwualu? Yes please. (e-ARC) The Fisherman by John Langan. I’d heard great things, saw the cover and there was no turning back. Literary horror? Yes please. (Paperback.) Authority by Jeff VanderMeer. Re-reading the Souther Reach trilogy because it was good the first time. Catching more nuance this time around and filling in more pieces of the puzzle. (Paperback.) Angel Cruz The Wangs vs. the World by Jade Chang: I’ve heard wonderful things about this book, and so far, the story has done a great job of bringing me along for the ride. (e-galley) The Young Elites by Marie Lu: With The Midnight Star coming out in a few days, I figured it was about time for me to start reading this series. (Hardcover) Ashley Bowen-Murphy   Shelter in Place by Alexander Maksik: I picked up this book at Elliott Bay Books while on vacation in Seattle last week. Frankly, I’ll read anything set in the city I’m in that has a blurb with the phrase “brutal outer limits of patriarchy” and explores the nature of mental illness, family ties, and maturing. So far, it’s a book that manages to edge right up to insufferable and then back away and become something fantastic and thought-provoking. (paperback) Atlas of Improbable Places: A Journey to the Worlds Most Unusual Corners by Travis Elborough and Alan Horsfield: I requested this book from the publisher for a piece I’m working on for Book Riot about the promise of travel, mystery, and the continued existence of wonder in the modern world. It’s been great to get lost in this book. It’s beautifully illustrated with maps and photos. (hardback ARC) Eric Smith   My Unscripted Life by Lauren Morrill: I was lucky enough to get an ARC from the author at the Boston Teen Book Festival last month, and may have screamed a little. Morrill’s YA contemporary stories are some of my favorites, with sigh-inducing romances, quirky characters, and sharp humor that make her books tough to put down. Her latest is about a teen girl who meets a pop star, and their subsequent will they or won’t they relationship. Books that blend YA and music are definitely a weakness of mine, and this one is definitely hitting that sweet spot. (ARC, Out 10/11) Carve the Mark by Veronica Roth: Someone in a publicity department must love me, as a copy of Roth’s latest YA popped up in the mail. It’s a sci-fi / fantasy mashup that feels very space-opera-esque in its scope. People are born with gifts that allow them to do incredible, or horrible, things… and subsequently alter the universe. It’s the first in her duology, and I’m super intrigued so far, the story feeling a bit like Tracked by Jenny Martin (one of my absolute favorites) mashed up with Roth’s own Divergent series. (ARC, January 2017) Nicole Froio   Difficult Women by Roxane Gay: Gay is one of my favorite authors, hands down. I love the way she tells stories and argues political points. Can’t wait to read this one. (ARC) Out by Natsuo Kirino: I wanted something dark to celebrate October. (Paperback) James Wallace Harris   A Brief History of Misogyny  by Jack Holland. Holland shows how misogyny has evolved over the centuries and programmed into religion, philosophy, history, politics and literature. This is one of those books we should make kids study in school. Ingathering: The Complete People Stories by Zenna Henderson. Henderson was one of the few women science fiction writers in the 1950s. The People are aliens from a dying planet who came to Earth to survive. The People look just like us, but they have powers to levitate, read minds, move objects at will, heal with their thoughts, and other psychic gifts. They have to hide these abilities from us because they are hated for being different.The setting is the extreme rural southwest U.S. The stories are gentle, beautiful, spiritual and appeal to the outsider in all of us. Zenna Henderson is mostly forgotten by modern readers, which is a shame. E.H. Kern   The Odyssey by Homer. This is a re-read for work. A Brief History of Seven Killings by Marlon James. This book has been on my TBR for quite a while and the time has finally come. Thomas Maluck   What If We’re Wrong? Thinking About The Present As If It Were The Past by Chuck Klosterman: I have never read Klosterman before, but the title premise is something I like to think about. What ideas, norms, art, and culture will persist 500 years from now? (Hardcover) The Port Chicago 50 by Steve Sheinkin: Sheinkin begins with an efficient yet edifying account of black men in America’s armed forces and the discrimination they’ve faced since the days of Washington. The main topic consists of black World War II era sailors given a raw deal loading hazardous bombs onto boats who defy the Navy in the name of basic safety. (ebook) StarTalk by Neil Degrasse Tyson, Charles Liu, and Jeffrey Lee Simons: Tyson Co. already produce an entertaining science podcast of the same name, so teaming up with National Geographic Books to visualize their big ideas and science trivia in print is a winning combination. Questions like “Where does creativity come from?” “Can you make a souffle in space?” and “Will the universe end in fire or ice?” are addressed by all kinds of scientists, comedians, and pop culture personalities. (Hardcover) Rachel Weber   The Last Days of Jack Sparks by Jason Arnopp. My boyfriend did the impossible and surprised with a book I wanted but hadn’t read as an egalley or already bought. He’s a keeper and this is a knowing tale of ghosts and publishing. (Hardcover) The Elephant in the Room: A Journey into the Trump Campaign and the “Alt-Right” by Jon Ronson. I love Ronson and I hate Trump, so this seemed a no-brainer. (Kindle Single) Getting Things Done: The Art of Stress-free Productivity by David Allen. I start a new job this month so it seemed a good time to revisit this organisation bible and make sure I’m on top of my game. (ebook) Elizabeth Allen   Being Mortal by Atul Gawande:  I’ve been looking forward to reading this for some time so I was excited when my book group put it on our calendar for October.  Too bad I likely wont be able to attend our discussion, but I’m happy to read it anyway.  Okay, given the subject matter, maybe “happy” isn’t the right word.  Gawande’s insight into end-of-life care and how we manage the needs of our elderly population was utterly fascinating.  Personal stories, including that of the decline in health of his own wife’s grandmother, make the reader not only frustrated about how we’ve failed this population, but also might make you cry like a baby.  Just me?  Alright.  However, there is a hopefulness inherent in the author’s expression of this systemic issue that leaves you with an unexpected feeling when you’re reading about the business of dying. Kristen McQuinn   Practical Magic by Alice Hoffman. I reread this every so often but was horrified to realize its been probably ten years since I last read it, so it was definitely time. Its one of my favorite books and I love the aunts. It is my goal in life to grow up to be like them. Daughters of the Witching Hill by Mary Sharratt. Im also in the mood for ALL the books about witches. Sharratt is one of my very favorite authors and this is an awesome book about the Pendle witch trials of 1612. It is impeccably researched, beautifully written, and highly recommended. Jamie Canaves   Searching for John Hughes: Or Everything I Thought I Needed to Know about Life I Learned from Watching 80s Movies by Jason Diamond (November 29,William Morrow Paperbacks): I’ve been saving this one for when I needed a good hug in book form and the world being a heap of garbage this week is a perfect qualifier. (egalley) Behold the Dreamers by Imbolo Mbue: I fell in love with the narrator, Prentice Onayemi, from the moment I pressed played and now I never want this book to end. (audiobook) Difficult Women by Roxane Gay (January 3, Grove Press): As soon as I got my hands on a copy I dove in. I was instantly rewarded with Gay’s voice and writing and then blindsided by a kick to the heart. (egalley) Kim Kim #3 by Magdalene Visaggio, Eva Cabrera, Claudia Aguirre, Devaki Neogi: I am in love with this new series were Kim and Kim fly around in a van as bounty huntersit’s as fun and awesome as it sounds. (single issue) Karina Glaser   Chains by Laurie Halse Anderson: I’ve been meaning to read this for a couple of years, and now I need to read the whole series right now. When the Sea Turned to Silver by Grace Lin: You bet I pre-ordered this book! It’s gorgeous, and I’m not surprised at all it’s a National Book Award Finalist. My daughter immediately stole it when it arrived and finished it in two days. Now she impatiently waits for me to finish it so we can discuss. The Someday Birds by Sally J. Pla (January 24, 2017, HarperCollins): The cover drew me in; the writing is keeping me from putting it down. I’m loving this middle grade book. Emma Nichols   The Mothers by Brit Bennett: Picked this to review for my bookstore’s holiday newsletter because everyone’s been raving about itâ€"so far it’s just as good as they promised. (galley) Goodnight Punpun by Inio Asano: I’ve been wanting to get into manga and Goodnight Punpun is always getting purchased at the store, so I thought I’d start there. Christy Childers   The French Chef in America: Julia Child’s Second Act by Alex Prud’homme: Because My Life in France by Julia Child and Alex Prud’homme is one of my favorites, and because Julia Child is endlessly fascinating to me. Teresa Preston   Phineas Redux by Anthony Trollope. This is the fourth book in Trollope’s Palliser series, which my blogging partner and I have been reading together. I can’t decide the 19th-century politics is a welcome break from 21st-century politics or if it’s adding to my annoyance to see how far back certain kinds of ridiculousness go. (public domain ebook) Aram Mrjoian   8th Street Power Light by Eric Shonkwiler: I’m just finishing up this peculiar postmodern gem. I haven’t read anything post-apocalyptic style in a while, and it’s been a nice change of pace. This novel comes out October 25 from MG Press. (ARC) The Little Magazine in Contemporary America edited by Ian Morris and Joanne Diaz. I’m reading this neat collection of essays written by editors of some of America’s best small literary journals for class. It’s super interesting and has some great inside baseball stuff for young writers and those interested in independent publishing. (paperback)

Jonathan Edwards A Great Shepherd Of Early Colonial...

Jonathan Edwards: A Great Shepherd of Early Colonial Theology and Revivalism Jonathan Edwards (1703-1759) played a historical part in American Christianity as we know it today. He was a notorious religious figure during a time when Congregationalists were determined to adhere to the religious styles of old. His intellectual and theological reason, along with his fervent zeal fueled by the Holy Spirit, makes him one of the greatest evangelistic preachers and apologists of all time. His life, works, and sermons inspired other leaders to spread the gospel message and brought about life-altering revivals and conversions in those he reached. Our textbook author wrote, â€Å"All authentic leaders must be confirmed in order to lead.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦It was then when he finally connected with the one and only true God that his life changed for the duration. It was this pivotal moment that marked his conversion and led to what would become the fervent, heart-felt preachin g style that characterized his sermons and brought conviction to the hearts of the parishioners who heard him. After graduate school he served as his grandfather, Solomon Stoddard’s, assistant at the Congregational Church in Northampton, Massachusetts for two years and later succeeded him as ordained minister following Stoddard’s death in 1726 (Reid, Pg. 380). It was during this pastoral that Edward’s evangelistic and apologetic reputation was at its peak. In 1741, William Cooper recommended his apologia to be used during the revivals that were sweeping through the colonies (Lesser, Pg. 34). This set the stage for Edwards and he became a key figure in the first Great Awakening and made his mark as one of the first, if not greatest, revivalist in American history. Colonial America’s need for revival sparked some of the greatest sermons and works of Edwards; maybe his most famous sermon being, Sinner’s in the Hands of an Angry God. (Noll, Pg. 95) Du ring this period when the revivals were sweeping through the colonies there was a notable rise in conversions and church growth. Mirroring Edwards’s own conversion, people experienced the divineness of God upon hearing the rational scripture messages which he preached. ThroughShow MoreRelatedRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesthe educational apparatus and the economic system. But much of the country was beginning to question in earnest the structure of colonial society by the early 1930s. The emergence of Rasta during that period corresponds with so much that was happening around the world. Rastas could tell that social unrest in Jamaica was going to lead to a movement away from colonial rule and, having heard Marcus Garvey speak of the importance of Africa to black people in the New World, found in his remarkable

Capacity Management in Easy Jet Airline Free Essay Example, 2500 words

In order to maximize the revenues, the businesses should allocate the capacity in advance so that any opportunity to satisfy the need of high-class customer that might come any time should not go wasted. Curry, (1990) stated Capacities should be divided into different classes like high-class middle class as well as low class. The best way is to keep filling the low class first and store the high as well as a middle class for later usage at higher rates. The paper conducts an experiment to check for profits based on first come first serve as well as capacity allocation methods. After simulation, it was proved that capacity allocation generates considerable higher profits as compared to first come first serve process. Pak, Daker, Kindervater, (2003) state that in industries such as airline industry earlier it was stated that they have fixed business as well as economy class seats but this paper negates the concept of a limited number of seats and introduces the concepts of convertible seats. As per the current demand, the economy class can be converted to business class or business class can be converted to economy class without losing the profits. We will write a custom essay sample on Capacity Management in Easy Jet Airline or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Hunting and Its Benefits Free Essays

Hunting and Its benefits Specific Purpose: By the end of this speech I expect all of you to feel more informed on how regulated and legal hunting has a positive influence on wildlife, the environment and, the economy. Thesis: Regulated hunting largely has positive effects on the economy and the environment I. Imagine yourself hiking through the woods, fishing or swimming in a lake, or even just enjoying nature. We will write a custom essay sample on Hunting and Its Benefits or any similar topic only for you Order Now Guess how it was possible to build and maintain all of those nature areas and parks. From HUNTING!!! II. Even though I’m sure most of you aren’t hunters (maybe even a few anti-hunters), I’m more than certain most of you appreciate nature and the best places to enjoy nature are on state and national parks, lakes, streams, trails, and conservation areas. The sale of hunting licenses and equipment are responsible for a significantly large chunk of that funding and make it possible for everybody to experience the beauty of nature. III. Living in the Midwest im sure most of you are some type of outdoorsman or live within a short distance of rural area where most nature areas are and I intend to show how hunting affects those areas and the economy. IV. I’m a lifelong outdoorsman and I’ve seen and experienced first hand how hunting has created thousands of jobs and saved and restored countless acres of wetlands, forests, and plains. V. I have three main points to discuss in this speech I. Hunting makes a large contribution to the economy II. Hunting is the single biggest funder of conservation and restoration efforts III. Regulated Hunting has a positive impact on wildlife populations The first point I’m going to discuss deals with the jobs and business hunting is responsible for. I. The sale of hunting licenses and equipment puts over 12 billion dollars in the economy annually. . On average, each hunter spends about $1896 which is 5. 5 percent of the average man’s income. b. This maintains almost 575,000 jobs which contribute even more money from income and sales tax i. About a quarter of these jobs are solely supported by hunting. ii. The 2. 4 billion dollar income tax of these jobs can cover the an nual paychecks over 100000 troops. This generation of revenue also goes to support the environment for the animals pursued thrive. II. The sale of hunting licenses and equipment is also the single largest source of funding for the conservation and restoration of natural areas a. Hunters provide over 2 billion dollars to conservation through the sale of hunting equipment and licenses. b. Hunters are a larger source of funding than environmentalists, state grants, and animal rights organizations combined This also leads to a positive influence on the populations of wildlife III. Regulated Hunting helps keeps wildlife numbers in check and populations stable. a. Hunting prevents animal species from overpopulating i. By harvesting certain numbers of an animal every year the population does not grow beyond control ii. This also helps prevent them from moving into urban areas where they can become nuisances b. Hunting also keeps animal populations healthy by keeping the number of animals down to what the food supply can support Overall regulated hunting is a wholesome sport that makes positive contributions to the economy and the environment I. Summary a. Hunting is a strong contributor to the economy and is vital to hundreds of thousands of jobs b. Hunting provides essential funding to help ensure that nature areas remain for future generations to enjoy c. Regulated hunting helps keep animal populations healthy and stable through responsible management and ethical sportsmen II. These main points I have presented to you in the hopes I have left you better informed on hunting and is benefits. Bibliography â€Å"There Are 11,085 Hunters/Sportsmen Supporting Hunters Against PETA. Enter Your Name and Email to Join Our Cause. Thanks for Your Support! †Ã‚  Hunters Against PETA. N. p. , 01 Feb. 2009. Web. 07 Nov. 2012. http://www. huntersagainstpeta. com/. ConservationHunting. html. †Ã‚  ConservationHunting. html. N. p. , Feb. -Mar. 2007. Web. 07 Nov. 2012. http://www. duke. edu/web/nicholas/bio217/spring2010/denardo/ConservationHunting. htm. How to cite Hunting and Its Benefits, Essay examples

Employees Commitment and Turnover Intent

Question: Discuss about the Employees Commitment and Turnover Intent. Answer: Introduction The HRM practices and strategies in the organizational performance is an imperative subject in industrial relations, organizational psychology, and human resource in general and have appeared as an essential query of research in several ways. However, Altarawneh (2016) denotes that it makes a distinction in few organizations since despite the fact that human resource is considered a priceless asset in a firm. It is often more complicated to be replicated by other competitors hence remaining an asset to the organization according to Wheeler, Harris, and Harvey (2010, p. 183). This project research focuses on investigating the impact of the HRM policies on the employees commitment and turnover intent with a focus on banking financial institutions. It will investigate the practices regarding human resource management in banking, the training effect on the turnover and commitment intentions of employees as well assesses the impact of career planning, performance appraisal, and compensati on on the employees commitment and turnover. Overview of human resource strategies In his study, Caillier (2016) points out that the nature and welfare of the employees in the organization is its key potency in figuring out how the profitability of the organization can be continued. For instance, incompetent and imperative administration of employees can result in very low efficiency hence lowering the turnover rate of the workforce. In other words, it indicates that the human resource strategies and policies adopted within the organization can have a drastic impact on the general behavior of the employees. Other realistic impacts are the financial strategy and endurance as well as the superiority and production of the work life within the organization. Therefore, the method of their supervision can have a noteworthy influence on the accomplishment of the firm as well as its competitive market positioning. The study will present practical results after sampling 100 employees who work in organizations where all the human resource management areas are practiced while involving variables that are purely related to the human resources. The variables selected will be those that play an essential role in performance improvement of the organization. The human resource managementstrategies that can have an impact include career planning, training, performance appraisal, compensation, and employees participation according to Sikora, Ferris, and Van (2015, p. 1909). By understanding the human resource management practices influencing the commitment as well as the turnover intern of the employees, they can be positively adopted with the goal of achieving higher performance of employees. The resulting impact will be a cut in the cost of hiring ultimately leading to better commitment and employee retention within the organization. Background and problem definition Ansari (2011) points out that when suitably configured, human resource strategies and policies have a great impact on the performance of the organization as well as the credibility of the workforce. More effectual human resource management system practices obtaining different prospective improvement synergies and complementarities among such practices while making simple the competitive strategies of the firm constitute its competitive advantage. For these reasons, Li et al. (2016) denote that employees turnover and commitment towards the duties, goal, and objectives of the organization remain among the most exclusive subjects of investigation in matters concerning organizational psychoanalysis. However, there remain a lot of uncertainties in understanding the exact features can cause the employees to remain or leave an organization. Among these aspects are institutional factors, outside factors, employees reaction to the characteristics of workers personnel. Aim and objectives The primary objective of this research will be the assessment of the human resource management practices that are practiced in the financial institutions such as banks. It also aims at evaluating the impact the practices have on the commitment level and attention of staying in the organization by the employees. In achieving the above primary objectives, the following sub-objectives will be addressed; To investigate the practices regarding human resource management in banking To evaluate training effect on the turnover and commitment intentions of employees To assesses the impact of career planning, performance appraisal, and compensation on the employees commitment and turnover. Human resource practices have a relationship with the commitment of employees Human resource practices have no relationship with the turnover and commitment of employees Commitment of employees According to Yamamoto (2013), the strength of an individual commitment to an organization is very subjective to the rewards he receives from the management system of the organization as well as the variety of experiences he has to undertake to be rewarded. It is the know-how, procedures, and outcomes of being associated or devoted and has become a primary requirement for a change in the information society of the 21st century. Organizational commitment of employees can be normative, effective, and continuance (Kanwar, Singh, Kodwani 2012, p. 27). A relationship study conducted by many researchers between the organizational commitment and HR practices show eminent optimistic relationships with the organizational commitment. In his recent review of organizational identification and employees commitment identified several facets the same, Kim (2012) denotes some impacting results that are essential for effective performance of both the employees and the organization. Such include job involvement and satisfaction, a feeling of felt responsibility, consistency of career goals, confidence and tenure towards the need of achievement, and social and occupational involvement. However, Dhiman and Mohanty (2010) point out that the commitment to the organization varies depending on the strength of an individual belief towards the basic value system adopted by the HR management in the organization. Therefore, it means that career studies not only to focus on specific persons but the occupational or organizational setting as well. For instance, a risky situation in an organization may increase the level of commitment and willingness of employees to enable the organization survives through the challenges. On the other hand, the risk can stimulate the threat as the employees can view the organization to have uncertain future and not a suitable place for investing once future. It hence calls for the need of understanding the impacts the practices adopted by the HR have towards the commitment of employees within the organization. According to Roebuck (2016), many scholars have focused their studies on the factors affecting the employees turnover intent in the organizational management. Uncontrolled and controlled turnover of the workforce involves training and recruitment, job hunt, and cost of disjoining for both the employees and the firm. Holmvall (2016) denotes that the using the turnover theory as a management research shown that turnover intention is the best way of predicting whether an employee will live or stay in the organization. An organization hence needs to comprehend the relationship between the employees turnover and the human resource management practices in case it is willing to keep its motivated and capable employees. For instance, the turnover of an employee will negatively affect performance as the employees with the intention of departing becomes less proficient, when an employee departs, or time is lost in the effort of securing and alternative to fill the position according to Wheeler, Harris, and Harvey (2010, p. 183). However, Guchait and Seonghee (2010) assert that the theoretical dissimilarity depends on the proposed objective, work unit, similar/different job, or the HRM practices adopted by the organization. These factors are the primary determinant of the intent intensity needed in shifting within or leaving the work association. The human resource management practices that can have an impact include career planning, training, performance appraisal, compensation, and employees participation. Data collection and analysis approach The study will adopt several sampling designs for data collection and analysis procedures. For instance, random sampling design will be used in selecting 100 employees in World Bank. The observational design will as well be used in evaluating the understanding of the employees, their attitude and response to the authorities and responsibilities within the organization. Interview method will be adopted by the 100 selected employees on a one-on-one discussion so as to evaluate their attitude towards authority. Additionally, questionnaires will be formulated based on the various human resource management policies in comparison to the global standards of HRM operation. Microsoft Excel will be used in consolidating and segmenting the collected data. It will as well be used in the calculation of the percentage analysis of the identified impacts and their level of effect towards the employees commitment and turnover. SPSS will as well be used in further analysis of the data using various fr equency distributions and CHI-Square tests. Milestones and schedule Parameter Dec Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Pre-visit Collection of Data Analysis of Data Reports Completion Conclusion The result of this study will provide an understanding on how the commitment of employees and as well as their turnover intent is affected by the human resource practices that an organization adopts. I will also be published as part of research whose results can be used in decision-making for organizations. In this manner, the organization can be sure of long-term positive working relationship with organizations while positively meeting their professional needs as well as those of the organization. List of references Altarawneh, II 2016, 'Strategic Human Resources Management and its Impact on Performance: The Case from Saudi Arabia',International Journal Of Business Management Economic Research, 7, 1, pp. 486-503, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 December 2016. Ansari, NG 2011, 'Employee Perception of HRM Practices: Impact on Commitment to the Organization',South Asian Journal Of Management, 18, 3, pp. 122-149, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 December 2016. Caillier, JG 2016, 'Does Satisfaction With Family-Friendly Programs Reduce Turnover? A Panel Study Conducted in U.S. Federal Agencies',Public Personnel Management, 45, 3, pp. 284-307, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 December 2016. Dhiman, G, Mohanty, R 2010, 'HRM Practices, Attitudinal Outcomes and Turnover Intent: An Empirical Study in Indian Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Sector',South Asian Journal Of Management, 17, 4, pp. 74-104, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 December 2016. Fernandez, A, Jomon, M 2016, 'The Impact of HIWP on Personal Control: Implications for Workmen during Firm Acquisition',Vilakshan: The XIMB Journal Of Management, 13, 1, pp. 81-100, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 December 2016. Guchait, P, Seonghee, C 2010, 'The impact of human resource management practices on intention to leave of employees in the service industry in India: the mediating role of organizational commitment',International Journal Of Human Resource Management, 21, 8, pp. 1228-1247, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 December 2016. Holmvall, C 2016, 'Examining the relationships between the justice facets and turnover intent: The mediating roles of overall justice and psychological strain',Military Psychology, 28, 4, pp. 251-270, PsycARTICLES, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 December 2016. Juhdi, N, Pa'wan, F, Hansaram, R 2013, 'HR practices and turnover intention: the mediating roles of organizational commitment and organizational engagement in a selected region in Malaysia',International Journal Of Human Resource Management, 24, 15, pp. 3002-3019, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 December 2016. Kanwar, Y, Singh, A, Kodwani, A 2012, 'A Study of Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment and Turnover Intent among the IT and ITES Sector Employees',Vision (09722629), 16, 1, pp. 27-35, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 December 2016. Kim, S 2012, 'The Impact of Human Resource Management on State Government IT Employee Turnover Intentions',Public Personnel Management, 41, 2, pp. 257-279, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 December 2016. Li, J, Lee, T, Mitchell, T, Hom, P, Griffeth, R 2016, 'The effects of proximal withdrawal states on job attitudes, job searching, intent to leave, and employee turnover',Journal Of Applied Psychology, 101, 10, pp. 1436-1456, PsycARTICLES, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 December 2016. Raina, R, Chauhan, R 2016, 'Organizational Socialization Work Related Attitudes in India's Uncertainty Culture',Indian Journal Of Industrial Relations, 52, 2, pp. 279-292, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 December 2016. Roebuck, D 2016, 'Exploring Cultural Influence on Managerial Communication in Relationship to Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and the Employees' Propensity to Leave in the Insurance Sector of India',International Journal Of Business Communication, 53, 1, pp. 97-130, Communication Mass Media Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 December 2016. Sikora, D, Ferris, G, Van, C 2015, 'Line manager implementation perceptions as a mediator of relations between high-performance work practices and employee outcomes',Journal Of Applied Psychology, 100, 6, pp. 1908-1918, PsycARTICLES, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 December 2016. Wheeler, A, Harris, K, Harvey, P 2010, 'Moderating and Mediating the HRM Effectiveness -- Intent to Turnover Relationship: The Roles of Supervisors and Job Embeddedness',Journal Of Managerial Issues, 22, 2, pp. 182-196, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 December 2016. Yamamoto, H 2013, 'The relationship between employees' perceptions of human resource management and their retention: from the viewpoint of attitudes toward job-specialties',International Journal Of Human Resource Management, 24, 4, pp. 747-767, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 December 2016.

An Essay About The Scarlet Letter, Finding Ones Own Truth Essays

An Essay About The Scarlet Letter, Finding One's Own Truth The Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthorne uses diction and symbolism to show the negative effects of stifling conformity verses the positive empowerment found in embarrassing one's own truth. He tries to impress upon his readers that an outsider whether from another physical location, or simply someone who thinks and acts outside that society's definition of acceptable behavior can in fact facilitate positive change within that society regardless of the generation or society. The secret in this novel most likely represents an idea, privacy, or even social censure. The Mary-like character Hester Prynne represents feminism, as the female-heroine, and truth, as she is unwavering in her stand against the wishes of the state, church, family and community with regard to her own truth. As represented by The Scarlet Letter, ?Do you not think it is better for your little ones temporal and eternal welfare that she be taken out of your charge and clad soberly and disciplined strictly and instructed in the truths of heaven and earth? What can you do for the child? I can teach my little Pearl what I have learned from this, laying her finger on the red token. Woman it is thy badge of shame. Nevertheless, this badge taught me?it teaches me daily lessons by reasons of which my child may be better and wiser.? Prynne is aware of how her truth can set her free. Later in the novel it states people brought all their sorrows and perplexities, and besought her counsel.? This shows how Prynne's stand for the truth has eventually affected the entire community in a ver y positive manner, changing its perspective on social norms. Yet the character Dimmesdale, the co-adulterer, was said to be liken with ?unutterable torment.? Hawthorne was showing that Dimmesdale's silence about the truth and his love was worse than any judgment that would have been bestowed on him by his community or maker. Later Prynee offers to save Dimmesdale from his jail (guilt) and jailer (Chillingworth, the devil-like character). He refuses and eventually dies of shame and guilt at the end of this romantic tale of the love between two people. Pearl, the bastard-daughter character, represents the world of nature (truth), a nature-friendly pre-Christian time in mankind's history and the struggle between the town (societal taboos) and the simpler way of forest (respect for the truth). Her name is extremely symbolic. It was stated in the novel that she was ?purchased at a great price.? This shows the suffering experienced by the characters and society at large when truth and understanding are stifled within a society. She also represents purity of children (artists) that are eventually turned into conformists by the adults (society and religion). In the forest scenes, the witches and devil never materialize, as they are only aberrations as presented only through the dialogue and in the minds of the characters in this novel. This represents that superstition is consistent throughtout the history of mankind and that modern society was not immune. We have not evolved as far as we would like to think we have. Conformity, represented by the scary witches and monsters are real if societal pressures prevail. The disastrous affects of the telling the truth are only in the human mind. In conclusion, the characters represented church, government, society at large, truth and feminism. The scarlet letter ?A? itself originally represented guilt or shame, then destiny or understanding, and eventually angel or able. Hawthorne believed Puritanism, which represents an unbending society of judgmental people, debilitates that society and breeds hypocrisy. In short, what we say and do are worlds apart in a society with great restriction on behavior and belief. Embracing society's diversity will benefit the entire society. Acceptance Essays

Essay Sample on Gender Inequality What Do Top Hollywood Females Think

Essay Sample on Gender Inequality What Do Top Hollywood Females Think As you sit and stare at a blank screen, trying to come up with an introductory paragraph, it can be difficult to recognize the true power of the essay. Essays are tools that we can use to shed light on situations that are intimate to us, situations that our own personal experience can hopefully bring enlightenment and meaning to someone else. There is an incredible amount of power that can be wrapped up in the thousand plus words of an essay. This method of reaching others has become increasingly popular with celebrities, especially female celebrities who have chosen to use the power of their voice to bring attention to the many facets of feminism and gender equality that woman come face to face with every day. When discussing feminism and gender equality, it is important to realize that this is not just one issue, but actually many issues bundled up together. These powerful female voices take on the task of bringing to light some of these issues through the use of essays and personal narratives. Here are some of the most recent, powerful essays on gender equality writing by top Hollywood females. Mila Kunis: You’ll Never Work in this Town Again In this essay, Mila Kunis shares her experience of having her livelihood, her reputation and her dreams destroyed at the hands of a producer who was willing to compromise her career simply because she did not wish to expose her body for a movie promotion. What is powerful about this essay is that it does not focus on just this incident, but rather uses it as a springboard for a discussion about the inequalities and dangers that all women face in the workplace, regardless of the type of job they have, or how much money they make. At the end of the essay Mila states how she recognizes that she is fortunate to be able to stop compromising, without fear of not being able to put food on the table. She also recognizes that she is fortunate to have a platform from which to speak and be heard in order to encourage and empower other women. Emma Watson: Encouraging Women to Vote Some of the most important essays are the ones that take personal views and perspective and use them to encourage others to make changes for the better. In Emma Watson’s essay/letter, she uses the fact that she is a recognizable figure to encourage women to understand the value of their personal power and to use that power to vote for governmental leaders who place the most value on treating all citizens as equal. Furthermore, she appeals to those who may not necessarily feel that these issues are important by making note of the ripple effect, in which what affects one of us, eventually affects us all. Jennifer Aniston: For the Record In this essay, Jennifer Aniston articulates beautifully her journey as a woman who has spent many years in the spotlight, under public scrutiny. The essay starts out by introducing the most recent issue at hand, and then takes that and builds into an expertly crafted essay on how she has become a lens through which we view all women. The essay speaks on important feminist issue including the perception of what makes a woman feel fulfilled and how every aspect of a woman appearance is judged. This essay is powerful because she speaks with various tones of authority, personal experience, frustration and disgust, all while being relatable to the audience. Jennifer Lawrence: Why Do I Make Less than My Male Costars? Pay inequality has is a long-standing gender issue, and in this essay, Jennifer Lawrence questions why that still is and in the process, has us asking ourselves the same questions. In essence, she asks women why they are worried about not being liked when asking for what they want or need. She makes causes the female readers to ask themselves if they too act nice for the sake of not offending male coworkers. Rather than addressing the pay discrepancy issue with facts and statistics, this essay approaches the issue on a personal and emotional level. Rose McGowan: Addressing the Language Used Towards Powerful Women Sometimes, an essay skips the niceties and set-up and sets forth to drive the point straight home. In this essay, Rose McGowan specifically address an 80s television star that shared a meme in which a derogatory term is associated with then presidential candidate Hilary Clinton. While the letter is target toward this instance, she turns it to point out a concept that she coins as â€Å"male terror†. This essay is not eloquent, but rather raw in its approach to this feminist issue. Celebrities have lives that we either envy or despise. However, when they speak, the masses listen. The most powerful celebrity essays allow the reader to see the ways our lives are the same, rather than how they are different. This is one way of connecting to the audience through an essay. In this case, these women all recognized that they endure the same unbalanced judgements and treatments that women all over the world experience, except that they have a voice loud enough to be heard.

How does Learning and Employee Development Contribute to Research Paper - 2

How does Learning and Employee Development Contribute to Organisational Success and Performance Within Social Care Services - Research Paper Example The most essential component of a learning and development plan as per the respondents’ view are the skills and second most essential learning component required to enhance service delivery quality according to the respondents is that of knowledge. These findings are very positive and reflect a developmental, growth-oriented attitude. Trained staff is more competent and can perform better than untrained staff. To attain training there must be motivation among the members and they must be interested in learning and developing in order to benefit from the training programs offered to them. The research study has revealed that all the respondents realize the importance of learning and development training programs and are willing to learn and grow for the betterment of their selves and organization in turn. Garavanfurther suggested that a strategically integrated model of Human Resource Development would ensure that the concepts of training, development, education, and learning and backed up and embedded in strategic plans, operational plans, policies, and work practice. The findings reveal that the respondents are well informed about the importance of all these components of training and therefore it can be safely said that such a plan as suggested by Garavan can be very feasible for an organization like Loretto Care where chances of its acceptance at the managerial level appear to be quite high.

What Employers Want to See in a Business Writing Course Essay

What Employers Want to See in a Business Writing Course - Essay Example The topics that are expected to be covered by professors that would enable students to write in a business-manner at the end of the course are writing style, format, structure and ethics in business writing. The writing style in business is formal and professors must be able to teach students what constitute a formal writing in business correspondence. It involves the correct selection of words, the appropriate framing of thoughts and professionalism in tone. The format in business writing must also be taught by professors for students to know how to package their letters in a business manner. Format conveys professionalism and this is important in the world of business to be taken seriously. Structure in business writing is also important and it meant more than the arrangement of thoughts but also on how to arrange them concisely. This will help students to get their ideas across clearly and concisely. Finally, professors must also guide students about the appropriateness of business correspondence. This would include ethics in business writing and how to maintain professionalism.

Emerging Issues In Tourism Tourism Essay

Emerging Issues In Tourism Tourism Essay As one of the largest industries, tourism has had an average annual increase of 6.6 per cent over the last half century, with international travel rising continuously and alternative tourism having a main role in this transaction. Nature-based tourism and ecotourism, with accepted definitions through tourism industry will be discussed in this report. Uniqueness and differences of ecotourism from mass tourism will be explained and benefits of ecotourism will be referred as well. An ecotourism destination; Galapagos Islands will be briefly introduced and the strategies being implemented in the specific destination will be indentified. Ecotourism is significant, special nowadays for the environment, the culture and also for the economy. So, what is the future of ecotourism? Will the efficient use of the natural resources and heritage of Galapagos Islands be a sufficient factor to maintain the importance of ecotourism? The future will be discussed as well. Tourism is a complex sector with many challenges and chances at the same time. Α attempt to define tourism and to describe its scope fully must consider the various groups that participate in and are affected by the tourist, such as the tourist, the host community, the government and the businesses providing the product. Charles R. Goeldner defined tourism (2009): Tourism may be defined as the processes, activities and outcomes arising from the relationships and the interactions among tourists, tourism suppliers, host governments, host communities, and surrounding environments, that are involved in the attracting and hosting of visitors. Tourism as an industry deserves significant criticism, not least because in many cases it contributes to the decline of natural areas. A form of tourism inspired by the natural history of an area is ecotourism. Travelling to locations full of natural resources for enjoyment, which at the same time protects the fauna, flora and the ecosystem , as well as the people. Below a more formal definition of ecotourism and nature-based tourism is delivered by Goodwin (1996: 288): Nature-based tourism encompasses all forms of tourism-mass tourism, adventure tourism, low impact tourism, ecotourism- which we use natural resources in a wild or undeveloped form- including species, habitat, landscape, scenery and salt and fresh-water features. Nature tourism is travel for the purpose of enjoying undeveloped natural areas of wildlife. Ecotourism is low impact tourism which contributes to the maintenance of species and habitats either directly through a contribution to conservation and/or indirectly by providing revenue to the local community sufficient for local people to value, and therefore protect their wildlife heritage area as a source of income. Furthermore, someone could say that ecotourism is an educational travelling that provides great knowledge to its participants. The practices of ecotourism are mentioned below: Green Tourism, Alternative Tourism, Endemic Tourism, Wildlife Tourism, Adventure Tourism, Geotourism, Nature-based Tourism, Responsible and Sustainable Tourism. 1.2 The importance and the role of the sustainable tourism in eco tourism. Sustainability is generally an ambition of tourism to have the lowest impact in economy, environment and culture as well. Sustainable development has been proposed as a model for a structural change within society. Sustainable tourism is an extension of the new emphasis on sustainable development (Sadler: 1992). One of the first strategies on tourism and sustainability emerged from the Globe 90 conference in British Columbia, Canada. At this conference representatives from the tourism industry, government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and academe discussed the importance of the environment in sustaining the tourism industry, and how poorly tourism developments, that attract the visitors, destroy the quality of the natural and human environment. To Tourism Concern (1992), sustainable tourism is: Tourism and associated infrastructures that, both now and in the future; operate within natural capacities for the regeneration and future productivity of natural resources; recognize the contribution that people and communities, customs and lifestyles, make to the tourism experience; accept that these people must have an equitable share in the economic benefits of tourism; are guided by the wishes of local people and communities in the host areas. Eco tourism is a small, though growing industry. There is much faith in the work that eco tourists do and they face a lot of problems and challenges in achieving a sustainable development. Sustainable tourism includes specific practices such as the carrying capacity, the visitor impact management, the visitor activity and the limits of acceptable change that are used in protected areas. It is essential to note, here, that if these strategies are implemented successfully sustainable tourism will provide historical development and will increase the environmental awareness. Sustainable development and eco tourism are two terms that match together and try to create a guideline for successful tourism in the eco destinations. 1.3 The importance of ecotourism The principles ecotourism serves are defined by many sociologists the last years and acknowledge the importance of ecotourism. Firstly, ecotourism minimizes the negative impact to the environment and to the local people. Ecotourism provides a big amount of environmental and cultural awareness to both visitors and hosts. The support of human rights is another principle important to mention. Ecotourism provides direct benefits in economy of the local people and improves the sensitivity of the locals for the environment, culture and heritage. Ecotourism provides benefits to both hosts and local people. Ecotourism generates foreign exchange for the country and injects capital and new money into the local economy. Ecotourism often takes travelers to undiscovered areas where nature still exists with no transformation at all. It gives to the visitor the advantage of education and discovering new places that are far away from the usual trends. Educational ecotourism offers to the tourists the privilege of being aware of the danger they may cost to the environment, in order to protect it. Resorts and hotels around the world started to go green by reducing their energy use and investing their money to eco friendly products. Ecotourism also protects the threatened wildlife of the ecosystems by bringing local and worldwide awareness. As ecotourism works in a location, it respects the peoples culture and values. It provides a chance for relaxation and exploration and evaluation of self. 2.0 Emerging Issues of ecotourism of Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. 2.1 Brief Introduction of Galapagos Islands An eco destination that features inspiring stories about destinations and provides great travelling experiences. The Galapagos Archipelago is a cluster of some 13 volcanic islands and associated islets and rocks located just under the equator, about 600 miles (1000km) west of Ecuador in South America. The oldest of the islands are about 4 million years old and the youngest are still in the process of being formed. These Islands that tourists visit on Galapagos cruises are considered to be one of the most active volcanic areas in the world. About 95% of the islands are part of the Galapagos National Park system, with the remainder being inhabited by about 14,000 people in four major communities (Puerto Ayora, Puerto Baquerizo, Puerto Villamil and Floreana). The Galapagos National Park Service and the Charles Darwin Research Station jointly operate the islands. The Park Service provides rangers and guides, and is responsible for overseeing the many tourists who visit each year. The Darwin Station conducts scientific research and conservation programs. It is currently breeding and releasing captive tortoises and iguanas. This group of 13 mayor islands and dozens of smaller islets and rocks all the result of volcanic activity certainly appear to be out of this world. They are, in fact, an unpredicted wilderness, filled with extraordinary populations of unique species, which have developed apart from humans and their dominating influence. In an effort to preserve the islands as they were centuries ago, the Galapagos have been declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. An eco tourism destination with rich heritage and great experiences to offer. 2.2 Presentation and evaluation of ecotourism strategies implemented by Galapagos Islands Ecotourism was already practiced since the 1960s in the islands, with two Ecuadorian inbound tour operators based in Quito, working together with an American outbound operator. The number of vessels was small, two cruise boats, twelve passengers 39 sailing vessel and a sixty-passenger luxury liner. At the same time the companies worked very closely with the Darwin station and the National Park. During the 1970s tourism infrastructure grew slowly, but from 1974 to 1980 it had a boom that almost double folded the amount of visitors. The foreign owned floating hotels represents the major activity and they are the strong economic and political influence for the islands. The principles or guidelines for Ecotourism projects in the Islands began to develop in the international arena in the 1990s. Internet search engines were used to identify ecotourism cruise operations in the Galapagos Islands using the search times ecotourism and Galapagos Islands. Adventure tours and nature tours were not used as search terms. As of November 1, 2009, fifteen company websites identified themselves as ecotours in the Galapagos Islands. That showed a big movement through internet for the development of tourism in Galapagos Islands. Education of the local population and visitors in the natural history of the Galapagos is a goal of the Station and the Park and programs are conducted in the Islands and on the mainland. An intensive course for naturalist guides, which is required to supervise visitors to Park sites, is conducted annually. Educated bilingual naturalist guides and auxiliary guides are taken place at Galapagos Islands, offering valuable information and help to visitors.

Diary of A Baby by Daniel Stern

Diary of a Baby by Daniel N. Stern focuses on 3 key points in Child Development. What your child sees, what they feels and what are the experiences during infantry. The author tries to relate from a baby’s point of view from one chapter to another. Reading this book is really an enjoyable experience where you ought to learn and tries to bring you back to the time where you are still young. The main character Joey gives us a clearer picture of what we were during this period. It clearly narrates how a young’s consciousness was penetrated by the environment and the people that they deal with everyday.Newborns can see clearly approximately 10 to 12 inches away, about the distance between a nursing infant and his mother’s face. Fortunately, infants tend to be more interested in the human face than everything else. This is where parents tends to take advantage of it and must spend time gazing into the baby’s eyes. As per the term what they see is more important because from total darkness in their mother’s womb, they were enlightened to the world and what they see gives them a clearer view and understanding of what the real world is all about.What a baby feels is like a human weatherscape where there is a unique moment of feelings in motion. Unlike photographs which are static, it has duration and changes depending on a child’s point of view. Dependability is one great word to describe what a child feels where it can last from a split second to many seconds. In the book, Joey’s feeling and perceptions change together. Each moment has its sequence and continuously adds up to the characters experiences in life. Interaction from the people around him is what drives his sights, feelings and experiences.What links the book to child development is that it gives guidance for parents in raising a child base on the scenario of everyday interaction. From coping up with the environment and dealing with the surroundings to the ex pectations in guidance and caring process to each Joey in a parent’s life. The optimal development of children is vital in our society. Therefore the social, cognitive, emotional and educational development of children is important to understand. Joey’s milestone mirrors child development in the book Diary of a Baby.Because it specifies physical and mental abilities like walking, seeing and understanding language according to a child’s age. Milestones can be described as what a child accomplishes throughout the different stages in their life. Increased knowledge of age specific areas in child development allows parents and other caring adults to keep track of appropriate child development which includes patience, problem solving, social skills and creativity in child rearing. What could possibly conflict the book and Child development is that not all that can be read may be applied.It varies depending on the knowledge and understanding of the reader and at the s ame time the stereotypical notion for them in racing their own child based on how they were raised by their parents. One strength of the book is that the reader sees a clearer view on a baby’s phase. It makes the reader feel as if they were young just like Joey once again. From the first six weeks where feelings are really great factors in child care. Why a warm hug and a sweet lullaby expresses deep love and care in every baby.World of feelings in this stage is extremely induced to the readers knowledge for them to be able to comply and have a better understanding how feelings is important during this stage. When a baby is hungry and wants to be fed up immediately it is like shots in a movie one maybe continuous with the next, or fade into it, or cut abruptly against it. Or be separated by a blank pause. It is not clear to babies how they move from one moment to the next or what. If anything happens between those experiences, the one who takes care of them are the mere respo nsible ones in the scenario.Because for Joey all his senses are focused on each one activity that he sees, feels and is experiencing at that very moment. And he lives and deals with each one intensely. Many are the prototypes of the moment that will or may recur over and over throughout his life. What could weaken the scenario is the conflicting ideas between the reader and the author’s concept for not all people may understand that all that is written in the book is the same in a parent-child scenario. One good example is unexpected pregnancy which may greatly affect the reader’s point of view on child development.It could provide both positive and negative impact once it was read. Positive in a way that a mother may become more excited into being a mother to her child or it could possibly frighten her in dealing with her baby because she is not really prepared to have one. Surprising Discoveries that was learned in the book is that I was fascinated how the author ent husiastically explained in details what a baby sees, feels and experiences during his childhood days where the only person they depend upon and look up to is their parents.This book can be utilized in the truest sense of the word parenting and child development process. It is a great instrument for mothers, expecting mothers and parents who desperately wants to know what the infant’s experience is really like Stern draws on his readers different findings and cutes on experiences of a baby in order to re-create the baby’s world and make it more fun, exciting and enjoyable

Obama’s Foreign Policy on China

President Barack Obama and his administration’s foreign policy toward China can be summed up in one word: conciliatory. Conciliatory is not in the form of any weakness or appeasement, but rather the realization that in the 21st century global market, China is a main player on the world stage. Obama’s foreign policies are a departure from the previous administration. George Bush’s unilateral foreign policies were deemed domineering, even belligerent.From an international standpoint, Anti-American sentiments were at an all-time high during Iraqi War driven years. In America, the domestic stance after 9/11 saw this as an extension of patriotism and commitment. Nowadays, both domestically and internationally, many pundits would argue that Obama’s policy record in China inspires hope and optimism. President Obama is acknowledging the fact of a much more multipolar world exists where America cannot take all of the leadership roles by itself. Yet, at the same tim e, the world cannot go forward without America.In this respect, China needs a wide open market where they can export all their manufactured goods to consumers worldwide. Thus, it is a mutual benefit for China to have good international relations with other societies to acquire raw materials and sell products to overseas companies. President Obama’s policies toward China reflect a forward marching multilateral approach that deliberates an equal level playing field in terms of economic opportunities so that not one country can monopolize or control the global market.There is a thin line when it comes to economic diplomacy and military presence, so in regards to the currency value of the Chinese Yuan/Renminbi, the Obama administration has used strategic requests to the World Trade Organization and United Nations to sanction China on purposely keeping their currency low. These formal accusations were discussed early this year between President Obama and President Hu Jintao. There has been a consensus among the world leaders to use fair trading practices to help benefit all the countries especially in the delicate market of Asia Pacific.In this regards, even though the move is controversial, President Obama has ramped up military presence in the Pacific to police the trade waters and to secure areas where there were less American presence in previous years. These movements have alarmed China and Japan in particular but with the WTO and UN backing some of the agreements, Obama is hoping China welcomes some of the military help not as a threat to China’s national interests but a welcomed ally to settle any disputes in international waters with the recent troubles with Japan and other regional issues that arise.President Obama said that he was pleased to see the â€Å"peaceful rise of China† and hoped to continue to support China in its currency matters to ensure a more balanced way of doing commerce. (US Policy 2012) In May of this year, China le t the renminbi hit a low of 0. 9 exchange value versus the dollar. China contends the economy was slowing â€Å"sharply† thus had no choice but to try to boost its exports as a way of mending some of the bleeding (NYTimes May, 2012) This has caused much headache for the United States because its trade deficit with China has gone over $290 billion dollars last year.The Obama administration has pressed hard for three years to let the renminbi to appreciate at a faster rate than it has been. Europe also has had some struggles with this fact because for China lowering the currency allows for competitive trade in exports but brings up the cost for imports so there is less competition inside China so its citizens benefit while other countries do not. In any case, Obama is trying to build lasting bridges of mutual respect so that in the long run, the peaceful rise will end with a peaceful future.In a sense, I believe every country must make its own interests ahead of the world to se cure its citizens every benefit that is known to man. But, on the other side, without a world, it is hard for a country to reap the benefits of trade if everyone increases tariffs or lowers their currency. This is a double-edge sword that does not have an easy solution so I understand both sides and that no country is living in a vacuum. There are a quite a bit of complexities and consequences to consider and I believe there will be a mutual success in this issue.Concerning Human Capital, the Obama Administration has also pressed hard to improve the human rights issues in China in terms of economic policies to benefit workers and their family situations. Historically, having the highest population at a staggering figure of over $1. 3 billion people, the human labor supply is more than available at any given moment. Thus, United States especially has outsourced countless manufacturing companies and jobs to China. This reality the President clearly stated will not change anytime in th e future so this must be an accepted reality. (Ivaneishvili 2012) So, he Obama administration has sharply criticized China for their lack of enforcement and laws to deal with such violations. But, this criticism as the State Department states applies to the United States as well, but the United States has laws to deal with this issues so the criticism is being put in a way not to outfight offend Chinese policies but to encourage an increase in the priority of the Chinese government to follow up actions to remedy the situation (Berg 2012). The State Department also applauded China for the actions that China already has taken to ensure better working conditions and labor rates.This issue hurts at the heart of any country because human capital affects the very lives each person is trying to save. The truth of the matter in my opinion is that every country does have gross human rights issues. The problems in China are magnified and pressed by most countries because of the sheer number o f human labor that exists in China. Thus, as China continues to rise and become an economic superpower as it is becoming, those concerns will be dealt with because the people inside will and cannot stand for harsh living conditions.But, this is also the crux of the matter because if the people inside working in those factories do not care, how will the bosses ever face the truth and do something about it. Moreover, the Chinese government must also take steps to allow unions to form and protest to go on even though that might be against the government itself. As long as peaceful protests are taking place, a mutually healthy society with certain liberties will allow for better conditions all around. The sanctions or false accusations only lead to more difficult climate for genuine diplomacy to take place.The Obama Administration has done their best to limit some of the criticisms, instead, suggesting some ideas and working out plausible solutions to ensure the embassies on the ground in China can be an instrument to help both sides make the right judgments and calls on the spot for every situation that may arise (Berg 2012). Countries are going to continue to outsource jobs into China because of such cheap labor. In this sense, Americans can obtain ever increasingly cheaper products while China gains more jobs for its citizens.I do not see any reason for not forming better political allies in this respect. Lastly, there has been heated contention on the political issues vis-a-vis North Korea, Iran, and Taiwan that affect the globe economically. President Obama and his administration have recently sanctioned some banks in China that have allegedly used to fund certain radical Muslim groups and Iranian nuclear proliferation aims. The Chinese government certainly denies any wrongdoing on the part of the government and so that is not the issue (NYTimes 2012).There is no doubt China and India have become large consumers of oil and natural resources over the last few years have shifted the market that oil and coal producers desperately needed (Chang 2012). Iran and the Middles East supply most of the oil for China while America has supplied a lot of the coal for China. The rate of increase is at a huge figure of 8% a quarter growth. That is a huge supply. This type of consumption has been a blessing for many number of countries including the United States so the Obama Administration on these terms are delicate to file complaints on behalf of International Labor Unions, but he has to his credit.On the other hand, many countries including China appreciate American presence but not American intervention. To connect to two issues, some of China’s unilateral policies with these countries affect national security and oil prices in America. Thus, the two are irrevocably tied together. It is not only China but Russia as well. The State Department has taken certain measures to cut the finances of certain groups or countries that have ties to terro rist organizations and nuclear goals. North Korea has been one of the countries that China seems to be passive towards.President Obama has been careful to be too unilateral or assertive in these matters but with the recent change in power in North Korea and the upcoming elections in Iran, there is a vested interest in the Obama administration to secure a more peaceful region in Asia and the Middle East. The purpose of terror is to disable and terrorize Western populations as a whole so the pressure from Americans and other Western countries to secure the Middle East has set a fire to Obama’s more multilateral approach (Obama 2012).The research is not there for an easy explanation for these events and situations. I can see why China continues to have relationships with Russia and Iran. I can also speculate why the continued help to North Korea. Most of these countries do sit right on the border of China so that reason is obvious to keep your friends close and enemies closer, b ut that is just it. I do feel they are enemies of China rather mutual partners. I think this is what America and Obama worries about. I believe the best ways to go about this for both countries are for more transparent policies without fine print.Relationships cannot be built on lies and deception and in my fair and balanced view, there has been plenty of that from both sides, so it is important to be transparent and open in the discussions to help liberty and economic success to grow. In this way, a peaceful China and peaceful Middle East helps everyone prosper. In conclusion, President Obama and his administration have embarked on a different path from the previous administration because of the new world order that we all face in the world. Conciliatory as a method for foreign policy has been an effective means to not isolate one country over another.In other terms, using multilateral agreements and combined pressures have made progress in China. I believe one taste of liberty, an y person or group cannot wait for more so as China grows economically, it is the best interest of both countries to help one another in terms of currency, human rights, and political allies incidentally natural resources. The growth of China in recent years has been tremendous and there is so much room for it to grow more. Internally, Obama has repeated that the people in China as consumers need to consume more (US Policy 2012).This goes without saying and I believe that is happening in China. President Barack Obama is up for re-election and I am not sure who is going to win but there have been pretty strong words in regards to China and foreign policy so this paper is an interesting and important topic of study. The economist writes â€Å"Chasing the Anti-China Vote† as an article to speak of the elections. But, I happen to agree with Obama that outsourcing and manufacturing in China is there to stay so the way forward is not unilateral changes or demands. I believe China do es need America’s presence in the pacific as a police figure to help.It is similar to the situations at the turn of the 20th century. China did not accept then, and I do not believe China will accept now but surely, there will have to be some compromises made on each side and I for one look forward to healthier and brighter future for both populations since I am a product of both.Works Cited Berg, Rebecca. â€Å"In Meetings, U. S. Presses Beijing on Rights. † The New York Times. The New York Times, 26 July 2012. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. . Chang, Gordon G. â€Å"How China Will Restructure the Oil Market. † Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 24 June 2012. Web. 7 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Chasing the Anti-China Vote. † The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, n. d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Obama Foreign Policy Doctrine: Preparing America to Succeed in Multipolar World | IVANEISHVILI | Journal of Social Sciences. † Obama Foreign Policy Doctrine: Preparing America to Succeed in Multipolar World | IVANEISHVILI | Journal of Social Sciences. N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Obama's Rudderless China, Russia Policy. † a Global Public Square. N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Remarks By President Obama to the Australian Parliament. The White House. N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. . Research. , Jane Perlez; Bree Feng Contributed. â€Å"DIPLOMATIC MEMO; Political Worries in U. S. and China Color Obama Aide's Beijing Visit. † The New York Times. The New York Times, 26 July 2012. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. . Shanghai. , Keith Bradsher; Xu Yan Contributed Research From. â€Å"China Lets Its Currency Depreciate. † The New York Times. The New York Times, 01 June 2012. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"USPolicy. † Obama and Chinese Vice President Xi Before Their Meeting. N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. .

Essay on Racial Discrimination - 2256 Words

America has had discrimination against minorities for a long time and it will continue to have it until people treat minorities with respect. Discrimination is when people treat minorities bad because of their skin color, ethnicity and the place they were born. For immigrants, the problems they had to arrive to America were not a good experience only by the struggle to gain acceptance among the population. Most immigrants came to the U.S. to have a better life and give education to their children. Almost all immigrants have experienced discrimination at some point in their life and even some are still experiencing it today. Most Latinos don’t have a choice but to deal with it because they know they are illegal and they can’t say anything†¦show more content†¦They also have to deal with people calling them names because of their skin color or their birth place. â€Å"Americans also accuse Hispanics of stealing their jobs† (Ramos 53) because most Latinos t hat come here have a job. They also face seeing â€Å"racist graffiti on homes or on walls of buildings† (Plunkett 15) and they have to face hate crimes. Plunkett said that â€Å"Latinos sometimes get excluded from white communities† (39) because they are Hispanics. Ramos also said that â€Å"Latinos are blamed for serious problems the country faces† (195) like the fall of the twin towers. There are reasons for Americans to discriminate Latinos and reasons why they shouldn’t discriminate them. The United States doesn’t understand why Latinos really came to this country and they discriminate them without knowing the real reasons. Most Hispanics come to this country for several reasons but the most important one is to have a better life and provide an education for their children. Latinos want their kids to be someone in life and they know they can accomplish it in this country. They also enter illegally because they don’t have the money to enter legally and they know they will get discriminated even if they were legal. The United States would have legal Immigrants if Latin countries weren’t â€Å"poor and if they didn’t have corrupt governments† (Ramos 153). Ramos also said that â€Å"most Hispanic farmers have to come to the U.S. inShow MoreRelatedOvert Racial Discrimination and Institutional Racial Discrimination635 Words   |  3 PagesPrior to the 1960s, discrimination was viewed as a creature of prejudice (Feagin Feagin, 1988). Wha t this means is that the problem of discrimination was viewed as one motivated primarily by individuals (or groups of individuals) on the basis of prejudice or hatred. Implicit in this prejudice-causes-discrimination-model (Feagin Feagin, p. XX) was the assumption that the solution to discrimination was one of simply eliminating prejudice. 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